Figure 1. An endless field of canola shows the beautiful North Dakota landscape. (Courtesy of David Paukert, Paukert Photography, Michigan, North Dakota)

Figure 2. A Mandan woman works in a field of corn. (Photo courtesy of Neil Howe from a mural in the Burleigh County, North Dakota Courthouse)

Figure 3. These early garden tools were used by the Mandan and Hidatsa to tend their crops and gardens. Left to right: a rake made of antlers, a hoe made from a scapula (shoulder bone) of an animal, a willow rake, and a sharpened stick used as a seed drill. (State Historical Society of North Dakota, 0075-0386)

Figure 4. Corn was a main crop grown by the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara along the Missouri and Knife Rivers. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 5. Scattered Corn, a Mandan woman, is shown with her garden hoe.  (State Historical Society of North Dakota, D0566-1)

Figure 6. Growing and harvesting squash was important to the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara people. (oldyellowhorsegifts.com)

Figure 7. This woman is shown hoeing her garden with a handmade bone hoe, 1914. (State Historical Society of North Dakota, 0086-0283)

Figure 8. Corn grown by early American Indians needed to be shelled and stored for winter use. (Oscar Will Seed Catalog, State Historical Society of North Dakota, 10190)

Figure 9. North Dakota’s first people often traded the crops they had grown. (Photo courtesy of Neil Howe from a mural in the Burleigh County, North Dakota Courthouse)

Figure 10. The Homestead Act allowed settlers to claim 160 acres. (Fred Hultstrand History in Pictures Collection. Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2028.264)

Figure 11. An acre is almost the size of a football field. (Graphic by Cassie Theurer)

Figure 12. This 4-cent postage stamp celebrates the 100-year anniversary of the Homestead Act (1862-1962). (Fred Hultstrand History in Pictures Collection. Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2028.264)

Figure 13. Many homesteaders constructed houses made of sod on their claims. (Fred Hultstrand History in Pictures Collection, Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2028.086)

Figure 14. Binding and shocking grain on the Dalrymple Bonanza Farm near Casselton, North Dakota, 1880s. (Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 102.AgB66.4a)

Figure 15. Harvest time on a bonanza farm near Fargo, North Dakota, about 1900. (Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2006.79.15)

Figure 16. Cattle ranch near Dickinson, North Dakota, 1913. (State Historical Society of North Dakota, B0750-10)

Figure 17. Custer Trail Ranch, North Dakota Badlands, 1904. (State Historical Society of North Dakota, 2003-P-10-0073a)

Figure 18. Theodore Roosevelt ranched in the Badlands of North Dakota during the 1880s. (State Historical Society of North Dakota, E0072-01)

Figure 19. Branding cattle on the de Morès Ranch, Medora, North Dakota, 1885. (State Historical Society of North Dakota, 0097-22)

Figure 20. The Northern Pacific Railroad helped bring homesteaders to Dakota Territory. This photo shows an early Northern Pacific train crossing the Missouri River at Bismarck, North Dakota. (State Historical Society of North Dakota, B0716-05)

Figure 21. Four teams of horses plowing sod on the Anders Hultstrand farm near Fairdale, North Dakota. (Fred Hultstrand History in Pictures Collection, Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2028.147)

Figure 22. A team of oxen pulls a plow in Divide County, North Dakota, 1906. (Hultstrand Collection, Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, 2028.177)

Figure 23. A scythe was used to cut grain as shown in this illustration. (Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress)

Figures 24 and 25. (Slide 1 of 2) Farmers plow and disk a section of prairie land. (SHSND 0090-0003) (Slide 2 of 2) Three drills seed grain on a North Dakota farm, 1909. (Fred Hultstrand History in Pictures Collection, Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2028.145)

Figure 26. Cutting and binding grain on a farm near Adams, North Dakota, about 1900. (Fred Hultstrand History in Pictures Collection, Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2028.145)

Figure 27. A farm family works together shocking a field of oats, Hettinger County, North Dakota, early 1900s. (State Historical Society of North Dakota, 0090-0104)

Figure 28. A threshing crew poses for a photograph near Park River, North Dakota, early 1900s. (Fred Hultstrand History in Pictures Collection, Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2028.145)

Figure 29. A threshing crew awaits a hot meal served from the nearby cook car, 1915. (F.A. Pazandak Photograph Collection, Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2026.112)

Figure 30. Men stack hay with the help of horses, early 1900s. (State Historical Society of North Dakota, 0075-0697)

Figure 31. Mules pull a binder at Sodbuster Days, Fort Ransom State Park, North Dakota. (Photo courtesy of Neil Howe)

Figure 32. A man demonstrates blacksmithing at Sodbuster Days, Fort Ransom State Park, North Dakota. (Photo courtesy of the Fort Ransom Sodbusters Association)

Figure 33. A firebreak protects this early homestead near Fairdale, North Dakota, about 1900. (Fred Hultstrand History in Pictures Collection, Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2028.060)

Figure 34. A farm family on their homestead near Flasher, North Dakota, early 1900s. (State Historical Society of North Dakota, 0090-0460)

Figure 35. This farm family, dressed in their “Sunday best,” homesteaded near Rock Lake, North Dakota, in 1898. (Fred Hultstrand History in Pictures Collection, Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2028.060)

Figure 36. A woman gathers eggs to provide food for the family and to add to the farm income. (Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2079.8.7)

Figure 37. Wheat is one of North Dakota’s main cash crops.

Figure 38. This wooden churn was used to make butter. Churning was often the responsibility of children. (Photo courtesy of Laverne Johnson)

Figure 39. Canning vegetables and meat was common for most early farm families. (Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress)

Figure 40. Three boys stand beside a wagon full of hay being pulled by two goats (Fred Hultstrand History in Pictures Collection, Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2028.095)

Figure 41. Farm women had many responsibilities on the early farm, in addition to tending children. (Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress)

Figure 42. Mandan women harvest wild buffalo berries. (Library of Congress)

Figure 43. A woman tends to chickens, an important source of “barnyard income.” (Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2079.8.9)

Figure 44. A woman demonstrates the art of pioneer cooking on an open fire at Sodbuster Days, Fort Ransom State Park, North Dakota. (Photo courtesy of the Fort Ransom Sodbusters Association)

Figure 45. A pioneer woman pauses to give the horses a rest from binding on her farm near Milton, North Dakota, early 1900s. (Fred Hultstrand History in Pictures Collection, Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2028.095)

Figure 46. A section of land equals 640 acres. Each section has four quarter sections of 160 acres each. (Graphic by Cassie Theurer)

Figure 47. A threshing crew harvests a field of wheat near Manfred, North Dakota, 1920s. (Photo courtesy of Audrey Solheim)

Figure 48. Wheat prices, 1920-1940. The price of wheat was high in 1921 but decreased to only 66 cents per bushel by 1930. (Graphic by Cassie Theurer)

Figure 49. Farmers prospered following the end of World War I in 1918. This 1919 Fargo newspaper headline highlights the rise in farm machinery sales. (State Historical Society of North Dakota)

Figure 50. By 1920, farm prosperity allowed many farm families to purchase their first automobile. (Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, 2053-02-02)

Figure 51. Drought and low farm prices of the 1930s caused a farm depression and hardship across North Dakota. (Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2057-08-02)

Figure 52. During the 1930s, farm debt forced many farm families to leave North Dakota. (Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress)

Figure 53. North Dakota Population and Farm Numbers, 1890-2010. The number of farms in North Dakota peaked in 1933 and has steadily declined since. (Graphic by Cassie Theurer)

Figure 54. This Oscar Will “Victory Garden” poster shows the support of North Dakotans during World War II. (Will Seed Catalog, State Historical Society of North Dakota, 10190)

Figure 55. Wheat Prices, 1945-1972. Following the end of World War II in 1945, the price of wheat was about $1.49 per bushel. Wheat prices remained fairly constant until the early 1970s. (Graphic by Cassie Theurer)

Figure 56. This farm family enjoys listening to an electric radio after receiving electricity in the 1940s. (Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, 2036-52-24)

Figure 57. A row of Massey Harris combines during harvest time, 1950s. (State Historical Society of North Dakota, A3967)

Figure 58. Wheat Prices, 1974-2010. The price of wheat reached a record high in 2007 at about $10.00 per bushel. (Graphic by Cassie Theurer)

Figure 59. Wheat is “king” in North Dakota. North Dakota produces more hard red spring wheat and durum than any other state. (Photo courtesy of North Dakota Department of Agriculture)

Figures 60 a-b. Tractors. (a) Early Case, (b) Case I-H “Steiger. (Photos by Neil Howe)

Figure 61. Migrant workers labor in a Red River Valley sugarbeet field, 1930s. (Photo courtesy of Terry Shoptaugh and the Northwest Minnesota Historical Society)

Figure 62. North Dakota has three main geographic regions. The type of agriculture varies in each of these regions. (Graphic by Cassie Theurer)

Figure 63. The Red River Valley is the eastern region of North Dakota. The Red River Valley has some of the richest soil and best farmland in the world. (USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Figure 64. The Drift Prairie is the middle region of North Dakota. The Drift Prairie is the region where many small grains are grown. (Courtesy of David Paukert, Paukert Photography, Michigan, North Dakota)

Figure 65. The Missouri Plateau is the western region of North Dakota. The Missouri Plateau region has the highest elevation and is noted for cattle ranching. (Courtesy of David Paukert, Paukert Photography, Michigan, North Dakota)

Figure 66. North Dakota leads the nation in the production of many crops. This photo shows a farm located near the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota. (Courtesy of David Paukert, Paukert Photography, Michigan, North Dakota)

Figure 67. Wheat is an important crop for North Dakota and the world. North Dakota produces about half of all hard red spring wheat grown in the United States. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 68. Parts of a small grain plant. The small grain plant includes the head, stem (stalk), leaves, and root. (Graphic by Cassie Theurer)

Figure 69. Swathing a field of wheat, Stutsman County, North Dakota. (Photo courtesy of Shirley Sund, Cleveland, North Dakota)

Figure 70. Grain elevators at Walum, in Griggs County, North Dakota. Note the spouts that are used to fill railroad cars. (Photo courtesy of Andrew Filer)

Figure 71. Parts of a wheat kernel. The wheat kernel parts include the bran, endosperm, and germ. (Graphic by Cassie Theurer)

Figure 72. A Dakota Maid flour sack from the State Mill and Elevator, Grand Forks, North Dakota. (Photo by Neil Howe, courtesy of the State Historical Society of North Dakota)

Figure 73. Hard red spring wheat is the most common crop grown in North Dakota. Many common varieties of hard red spring wheat grown today have been developed by researchers at North Dakota State University in Fargo. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 74. Wheat is sold by the bushel. A bushel is a unit of measure that equals 128 cups; a bushel of wheat contains about one million kernels and weighs 60 pounds. (Photo by Gwyn Herman)

Figure 75. Foods made with wheat are a major part of the human diet. Food products made from wheat include bread, cake, breakfast cereal, cookies, crackers, and pasta. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 76. North Dakota leads the nation in durum production. About two-thirds of all durum is grown by North Dakota farmers. (Photo courtesy of Sten Porse)

Figure 77. Pasta is made from durum. Americans who enjoy spaghetti, macaroni, and other pasta can thank North Dakota farmers. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 78. Foods made with barley include malt for malted milks, muffins, malt vinegar, beer, and beef barley soup. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 79. Barley is used for food and livestock feed. These researchers discuss a variety of barley near Dickinson, North Dakota. (USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Figure 80. Foods made with oats include oatmeal, breakfast cereals, snack bars, and bread. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 81. Oats are used mainly for livestock fodder but are also used for consumption by humans.

Figure 82. North Dakota ranks #1 and leads the nation in the production of the crops listed in the chart. (North Dakota Department of Agriculture, graphic by Cassie Theurer)

Figure 83. North Dakota’s primary small grain crops include hard red spring wheat, durum, barley, and oats. Oilseed crops include flax and canola. The primary row crops grown in North Dakota include corn, sunflowers, soybeans, sugarbeets, and potatoes. (Photo courtesy of the USDA, Sten Porse, Howard F. Schwartz, and Kenneth Smiciklas)

Figures 84 and 85. Flax is an oilseed crop used for food, linseed oil, and making fine cloth. North Dakota produces nearly all of the flax grown in the United States. (U.S. Department of Agriculture) INSET: Flax seeds. (Photo courtesy of Cassie Theurer)

Figure 86. Canola is a new crop to North Dakota. Oil from canola is used for cooking, for livestock feed, and for making ink. North Dakota produces about 85 percent of all canola grown in the United States. (Courtesy of David Paukert, Paukert Photography, Michigan, North Dakota)

Figure 87. Sunflowers are native to North America and are grown in every part of North Dakota. (Courtesy of David Paukert, Paukert Photography, Michigan, North Dakota)

Figure 88. North Dakota produces more sunflowers than any other state. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figures 89 and 90. Safflower is grown mostly in western North Dakota. Safflower oil is used in foods, cooking oil, and making paint. (U.S. Department of Agriculture) INSET: Safflower seeds. (Photo courtesy Kenneth Smiciklas

INSET: Safflower seeds. (Photo courtesy Kenneth Smiciklas)

Figure 91. Corn is a major North Dakota row crop. Corn is grown as a source of food. Corn is also grown as a source of energy in the form of ethanol and other renewable fuels. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 92. Parts of a corn plant. The corn plant includes a tassel, leaves, stalk, cob, husk, and silk. (Graphic by Cassie Theurer)

Figure 93. Corn is grown in every county in North Dakota. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 94. Foods made with corn include breakfast cereals, corn chips, soups, and corn meal. High-fructose corn syrup is used to make candy and soft drinks. (Photo courtesy of Cassie Theurer)

Figure 95. A John Deere combine harvests a field of ripe corn. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 96. Soybeans are grown mostly in eastern North Dakota. Soybeans are a healthful food for both people and livestock. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 97. Foods made from soybeans include crackers, cereals, and cooking oil. Soybeans are also used as a meat and dairy substitute. (Photo courtesy Cassie Theurer)

Figures 98 and 99. Sugarbeets are grown mostly in the Red River Valley. Sugarbeets are also grown in Williams and McKenzie Counties in western North Dakota. (Photo courtesy of American Crystal Sugar Company) INSET: Sugarbeet seeds. (Photo courtesy Kenneth Smiciklas)

Figure 100. Sugarbeets are processed to make sugar. Sugarbeet processing plants are located in Drayton, Hillsboro, and Wahpeton, North Dakota. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figures 101 and 102. Potatoes are grown mainly in the northern Red River Valley. The Red River Valley is the third largest potato-producing area of the United States. (Photo courtesy of Northern Plains Potato Growers Association) INSET: Digging potatoes. (Courtesy of Cavendish Farms)

Figure 103. Foods made from potatoes include fresh potatoes (baked, boiled, mashed), potato chips, hash browns, and tater tots. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 104. Oscar H. Will. (State Historical Society of North Dakota, 0410-031)

Figures 105 and 106. Oscar Will Seed Catalog Covers. (Slide 1 of 2) The front cover of the 25^th anniversary Oscar H. Will & Company seed catalog for 1908 features drawings of Will’s sugar watermelon, hard head lettuce, early June cabbage, carmine radish, and early June sweet corn called “Dakota globe.” (Slide 2 of 2) The 1909 catalog features Will’s royal show pansies. (Will Seed Catalog, State Historical Society of North Dakota, 10190)

Figures 107 and 108. Oscar Will Seed Catalogs. (Slide 1 of 2) The front cover for the Oscar H. Will & Company seed catalog for 1912 features giant snapdragons and Will’s early June sweet corn, advertised as the “earliest on Earth.” (Slide 2 of 2) The front cover of the 1928 seed catalog. (State Historical Society of North Dakota, 10190)

Figure 109. A herd of Herefords grazes in a pasture. (Courtesy of David Paukert, Paukert Photography, Michigan, North Dakota)

Figure 110. Beef cattle are found in every county in North Dakota. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 111. Americans consume more than 27 billion pounds of beef in the form of steaks, roasts, and hamburger. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 112. Feedlots are used to fatten beef cattle before going to market. (Photo courtesy of Katherine Plessner, Verona, North Dakota)

Figure 113. Hay is an important source of feed for livestock. Large, round bales of hay are a common sight across North Dakota. (Photo by Neil Howe)

Figure 114. Angus cattle are the most popular breed of cattle in the United States and are also popular in North Dakota. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 115. Herefords are a common breed of beef cattle raised in North Dakota. (Photo courtesy of Jason Winter)

Figure 116. Charolais cattle are one of the largest breeds of beef cattle, reaching nearly 2,500 pounds. (Photo courtesy of USDA, Farm Service Agency)

Figure 117. Russ Bueling. Bueling worked to develop a unique breed of cattle named “BueLingo.” (Photo courtesy of Ransom County)

Figure 118. The BueLingo breed of beef cattle was developed by North Dakotans Russ Bueling and Russ Danielson. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 119. Milk is a liquid food produced by dairy cows. Milk is the official state beverage. (U. S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 120. Holsteins are the most common breed of dairy cattle in North Dakota. (North Dakota Department of Agriculture)

Figure 121. North Dakota has about 100 dairy farms, with many of them in Morton County. (U. S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 122 a-o. Barns of North Dakota. These North Dakota barns are from rural areas near the towns of: (a) Larimore, (b) Fargo-NDSU horse barn, (c) Dunseith, (d) McVille, (e) Minnewaukan, (f) Minot, (g) Velva, (h) Jamestown-State Hospital, (i) Oakes, (j) Northwood, (k) Michigan, (l) Manfred, (m) McCanna, (n) Watford City , (o) and Langdon.  (The barns at Minnewaukan, McVille, McCanna, Michigan, Minot, Larimore, Northwood, Oakes, and Watford City courtesy of David Paukert, Paukert Photography; the NDSU horse barn and the barn at the State Hospital courtesy of the North Dakota Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU; the Dunseith and Velva barns courtesy of Neil Howe; the Manfred barn courtesy of Laverne Johnson; and the Langdon barn courtesy of Lorne Reimer, Cavalier, ND.)

Figure 123. Swine (pigs, hogs) are raised on many farms across North Dakota. (U. S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 124. Chester White is a common breed of swine raised in North Dakota. (North Dakota Department of Agriculture)

Figure 125. Pork products include ham, bacon, roasts, and sausage. (National Pork Board)

Figure 126. Sheep are sheared for their wool. After the wool has been sheared, it is cleaned and made into cloth. (webchief.com)

Figure 127. Sheep are raised for their wool and mutton. North Dakota farms have about 65,000 sheep. These Suffolk sheep are grazing in a North Dakota pasture. (Courtesy of David Paukert, Paukert Photography, Michigan, North Dakota)

Figure 128. Wool from sheep is used to make clothing, rugs, and other items. (North Dakota Department of Agriculture)

Figure 129. Horses today are used mostly for herding cattle on North Dakota ranches and for recreation. (USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Figure 130. Draft horses were used to pull machinery or heavy loads before the arrival of the farm tractor. (Photo courtesy of Neil Howe)

Figure 131. Chickens and turkeys (poultry) are raised on farms all over North Dakota. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 132. Chickens are raised for egg production and meat. Common breeds of chickens include White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 133. Turkeys are raised for meat. About 500,000 turkeys are raised on North Dakota farms. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 134. Goats are one type of specialty livestock raised in North Dakota. (Photo courtesy of Cherie Roshan, Dickinson, North Dakota)

Figure 135. Llamas are protective of other members of the herd and are often used to protect sheep from predators. (Photo by Lilah Krebs, Gladstone, North Dakota)

Figure 136. Bison are raised on a number of ranches throughout North Dakota. North Dakota also has a bison processing cooperative at New Rockford, North Dakota. (Courtesy firstpeople.us)

Figure 137. Bees provide an important agricultural industry for North Dakota. Bees carry out pollination of North Dakota crops like sunflowers and canola, as well as fruit trees and garden vegetables. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 138. Beehives are a common sight across the North Dakota landscape. North Dakota leads the nation in the production of honey produced by bees—more than 37 million pounds each year. (Photo by Neil Howe)

Figure 139. Honey is a healthful food that can be substituted for sugar. Honey can be used fresh or in baked goods or as a sweetener for tea and soft drinks. (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

Figure 140. Dakota Growers Pasta Company near Carrington, North Dakota is the nation’s third-largest pasta producer. (Photo courtesy of Dakota Pasta Company)

Figure 141. Cavendish Farms in Jamestown, North Dakota, produces French fries. (Photo courtesy of Cavendish Farms)

Figure 142. The Bobcat skid-steer loader is manufactured in Gwinner, North Dakota. (Courtesy of the Bismarck Tribune)

Figure 143. Biofuels are liquid fuels made from plant (crop) materials. Most biofuels produced in North Dakota are made from corn. (Courtesy Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)

Figure 144. E-85 fuel contains 85 percent ethanol. (Courtesy of the Minnesota Corn Growers Association)

Figure 145. The Red Trail Energy plant near Richardton, North Dakota, produces more than 50 million gallons of ethanol each year. (Photo courtesy of Cassie Theurer)

Figure 146. Modern combines help North Dakota farmers produce much of the world’s food supply. This John Deere combine is harvesting a field of soybeans. (Photo courtesy of John Deere, Inc.)

Figure 147. This Case-IH tractor is an example of the modern machinery used by North Dakota farmers. (Courtesy of the Case-IH Corporation)

Figure 148. GPS information is used by North Dakota farmers to determine how much fertilizer or weed spray should be applied to an area. (USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Figure 149. Chemicals applied to farm fields help production and keep down weeds. Erosion allows some harmful chemicals to drain into streams and rivers. (USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Figure 150. Organic farming methods are often practiced by farmers who sell vegetables at farmers’ markets.

Figure 151. A farmer applies liquid fertilizer to a field in preparation for planting. (USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Figure 152. No-till farming is a practice used to prevent soil erosion and to help preserve moisture. (Photo courtesy of NDSU Extension Service)

Figure 153. Community gardens are found in the larger cities of North Dakota. These plots allow city residents a place to grow garden vegetables. (Photo courtesy of Bismarck Parks and Recreation)

Figure 154. Farmers’ markets can be found in small and large communities all over North Dakota.

Figure 155. Farmers’ market. This market gardener sells her produce at a downtown Bismarck farmers’ market. (Photo by Gwyn Herman)

Figure 156. A.F. Yeager, an early NDSU agronomist, developed the buttercup squash variety in 1932. (Institute for Regional Studies, NDSU, Fargo, FYe 23.2)

Figure 157. NDSU is a leading agricultural research university. The NDSU Extension Service has research extension centers located in Fargo (main research center), Carrington, Dickinson, Hettinger, Langdon, Minot, Streeter, and Williston. (Photo by Neil Howe)

Figure 158. More than 7,000 people attend field days sponsored by the NDSU Extension Service each year. This field day at Dickinson, North Dakota provided people an opportunity to learn about beef production. (Photo courtesy of the NDSU Extension Service)

Figure 159. Edward Schafer was appointed U.S. Secretary of Agriculture in 2007. He served until early 2009. (Photo courtesy of the University of North Dakota)

Figure 160. The USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) is in charge of agricultural policies of the nation. (Courtesy of the USDA)

Figure 161. 4-H Logo. (Photo courtesy of the NDSU Extension Service)

Figure 162. These North Dakota youth participate in 4-H National Youth Science Day. (Photo courtesy of the NDSU Extension Service)

Figure 163. These state officers represent more than 4,500 North Dakota young people involved in FFA each year. (Photo courtesy of the North Dakota Career and Technical Education)

Figure 164. The FFA logo. (Courtesy of the FFA Foundation)

Figure 165. Pride of Dakota label. (Image courtesy of the North Dakota Department of Agriculture)

Figure 166. The North Dakota Farmers Union has more than 40,000 members and is headquartered in Jamestown. (Image courtesy of the North Dakota Farmers Union)

Figure 167. The North Dakota Farm Bureau has more than 27,000 members and is headquartered in Fargo. (Image courtesy of the North Dakota Farm Bureau)

Figure 168. Farm Rescue is an organization that plants and harvests crops free of charge for family farmers who have suffered a major illness, injury, or natural disaster. (Photo by Gwyn Herman)

Figure 169. Farm safety is important for adults and children. (Courtesy of the Department of Transportation)

Figure 170. Farm safety involves learning about ways to prevent farm-related accidents. When loading or unloading grain, it is important to know the location of all family members. (USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Figure 171. Farm pesticides and other chemicals should be avoided by everyone except the adults responsible. (USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Figures 172 and 173. Festival Hall on the Wells County Fairgrounds, Fessenden, North Dakota. This grand structure was reconstructed following a fire in 2001. (Photo by Neil Howe)INSET: Entrance to the Wells County Fairgrounds. (Photo by Jennifer Hagemeister, Fessenden, North Dakota)

Figures 174. The North Dakota State Fair welcomes exhibits from all North Dakota residents. (Photo by Neil Howe)

Figure 175. Living Ag in the Classroom is designed to help fourth graders learn how food gets from the farm to the grocery store shelves. (Photo by Gwyn Herman)

Figure 176. The NDSU Extension Service promotes hands-on activities for North Dakota elementary students. (Photo courtesy of the NDSU Extension Service)

Figure 177. Agriculture is North Dakota’s #1 industry. North Dakota farmers help feed the world. (Photo courtesy of Mark Gangness, Argusville, North Dakota)